Harter Act. Maritime law. An 1893 federal statute regulating a carrier’s liability for the loss or damage of ocean cargo shipped under bills of lading. 46 USCA app. §§ 190–196. • The Act was the primary model for the Carriage of Goods by Sea Act, which has largely superseded it in practice. See CARRIAGE OF […]
Harter Act 〈美〉《哈特法》 1893年2月13日国会通过，主要内容包括：１提单中解除在美国与外国港口之间航行的船舶的所有人等应承担的在合理装载、积载、保管、照料或卸载交付货物等事项上的疏忽或过失责任的协议无效；２任何提单不得包含以任何方式减轻、减弱或免除船舶所有人谨慎处理、适当配备合格船员及供应品、使船舶适航和适货的义务，或船长等的谨慎处理、装载、照料和卸载交货义务的协议；３如果船舶所有人谨慎处理，使船舶在各方面处于适航状态，并做到适员和适货，则其对因驾驶船舶或管理泊船中的过失造成的损失或因海上风险、天灾、公敌行为、司法扣押、海上救助人命及为此目的的绕航等造成的损失，以及因所载运货物的内在缺陷、不适当包装造成的损失，均不负责任。
Maritime law. An 1893 federal statute regulating a carrier’s liability for the loss or damage of ocean cargo shipped under bills of lading. 46 USCA app. §§ 190–196. • The Act was the primary model for the Carriage of Goods by Sea Act, which has largely superseded it in practice. See CARRIAGE OF GOODS BY
contract of affreightment ([schwa]-frayt-m[schwa]nt).Maritime law. An agreement for carriage of goods by water. • A contract of affreightment may employ a bill of lading, a charterparty, or both to ship the goods. — Abbr. COA. — Also termed contract of carriage. See CHARTERPARTY. [Cases: Shipping 104. C.J.S. Shipping §§ 247–250, 252–254.]
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chartered company 〈英〉皇家特许公司 指英国君主根据其皇室特权或特别的法定权力特许成立的公司。早期英国的这类公司是被特许从事特定方面业务的贸易公司，包括探险商队，1579年成立的东部地区公司，1553年成立的俄罗斯公司，1592年成立的土耳其公司(即后来的东地中海公司)，东印度公司，哈德逊湾公司，1711年成立的南海公司。根据1834年《贸易公司法》〔Trading Companies Act〕和1837年《特许公司法》〔Chartered Companies Act〕，英国君主有权通过开封特权状〔letters patent〕形式，授予除有限责任外的所有公司以特权，而不一定颁发特许状。1837年《特许公司法》还规定特权状可以明确规定将公司成员的个人责任限于每一股份的特定数额。至19世纪末，又兴起了一些如不列颠南非公司的特许公司。现在，仅有少数贸易公司属于这类特许公司。
satisfactory proof (1)令人确信的证据；足够的证据 能够使无偏见的人确信事实的真实性的证据，即对所证明的事实无合理疑点。 (2)令人信服的证明 在有关城市宪章〔city charter〕授权道路改良合同应给予那些「能够令人信服地证明其具有适当的履约能力」的最低报价者的情况下，被认为指公共事业委员会在授予此合同方面不能任意行使裁量权，而应将其裁决建立在能够合理地倾向于支持其决定的事实之上。
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surrender of charter. Corporations. The dissolution of a corporation by a formal yielding of its charter to the state under which it was created and the subsequent acceptance of that charter by the state. [Cases: Corporations 610(1). C.J.S. Corporations §§ 835–837.] “The surrender of a charter can be made only by some formal, solemn act
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charterparty. A contract by which a ship, or a principal part of it, is leased by the owner, esp. to a merchant for the conveyance of goods on a predetermined voyage to one or more places or for a specified period of time; a special contract between the shipowner and charterer, esp. for the carriage
Hist. A legislative act creating a private corporation as opposed to a public, charitable, or educa-tional corporation. • Special charters were common until the 19th century, when legislatures enacted general incorporation laws that allowed private corporations to be formed without legislative action.
A demurrage paid by a vessel’s charterer if the time to load or unload the vessel at port takes longer than that agreed on in the charterer’s contract with the shipowner. Cf. DISPATCH MONEY.
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